Reported Speech / Indirect Speech 
Część 1. 
•	Mowa zależna opisuje coś co powiedział/a inna osoba! Pamiętajmy by relacjonując coś co powiedziała inna osoba cofnąć gramatyczny czas! Czasy cofamy o jeden „do tyłu” np. present Simple – past Simple etc, podobnie modalne cofamy „o jeden do tyłu” np.: will – would, can – could etc.  

Pierwsze zdanie poniżej jest w direct speech a drugie w reported speech: 

Więcej przykładów

Direct Speech | Reported Speech
„I am sick” | John said (that) he was sick
“My brother is very well” | Katie said her brother was very well
“I want to go to Spain but I do not know which town to visit | Elle wanted to go to Spain but (she) didn’t know which town to visit.
“I will not come on Tuesday” | Zbigniew said (that) he wouldn’t come on Tuesday
“I’m going to play poker” | Czesiek said he was going to play poker

•	Zdania w mowie zależnej powinny mieć formę zdań twierdzących (szyk – podmiot – czasownik). Uważamy by nie zamienić kolejności wyrazów tak jak to się robi w pytaniach. Proszę zwrócić uwagę: 

Jacek asked if the next quiz would be easy.  (Szyk zdania twierdzącego Rzecz.-Czas.)
He said (that) we didn’t have to go to school. (Szyk zdania twierdzącego Rzecz.-Czas.)

Zobaczmy na rzeczywiste przykłady: 

Direct Speech | Reported Speech
How old are you? | He asked me how old I was.
Can you speak English? | She asked me if I could speak English.
Why did you go there? | Mike asked me why I had gone there.
How long have you been working? | John asked how long I had been doing.
What do you do in your free time? | Sue asked what I did in my free time.

Zwróćmy uwagę, że w zdania w reported speech odpadają nam przeważnie operatory “do” i “did”. 

Czasami używamy „if” lub „whether” tam gdzie nie pojawiają się inne słówka pytające np: 

Did anybody see you? ale Do you know if (albo whether) anybody saw you? 

Jeśli mamy problem z zapamiętaniem tego szyku wyrazów zwróćmy uwagę
 na kilka zdań, które zaczynają się od takich fraz jak „Can you tell me..?” albo „Do you know...?”. 

How much will it cost? | Do you know how much it will cost?
Where can I find John? | Can you tell me where I can find John?
What time is it? | Look at the clock and tell me what time it is.

Proszę zwrócić uwagę, że tak samo będą się zachowywały zdania, które będziemy transformować z direct speech (podobne do kolumny po lewej np. najpierw czasownik - will potem podmiot - it) na reported speech (szyk jak w kolumnie prawej np. najpierw podmiot – it a potem czasonik - will). 

III. Powinniśmy pamiętać o jeszcze jednej ważnej rzeczy. Kiedy używamy reported speech musimy zmienić 

today na yesterday 
now na then 
yesterday na the day before 
Monday na the previous/last Monday 
Tomorrow na the next day
Here na there

IV. Uwaga na przeczenie w mowie zaleznej: 

Direct Speech - „Don’t go there” 
Reported Speech – He told her not to go there.

V. Pamiętajmy, że nie cofamy czasu o jeden w stecz w następujących przypadkach: 

- pierwszy czasownik (tzw. reporting verb jest w czasie teraźniejszym np: 

He says that there are aliens in the Universe.

- direct speech w nierealnej przeszłości - struktura I wish i were ...
I wish I were a millionaire  
He said he wishes he were a millionaire (not had been) 

Część 2. 

Więcej informacji na temat reported speech, proszę zwrócić uwagę na poniższy diagram ilustrujący zmianę czasu oraz proszę uzupełnic ćwiczenia – do części B poniżej zamieszczono odpowiedzi. 

When someone says something, how do you describe it to another person? This lesson will focus on reported speech, or you can call it "indirect speech." 
Direct speech: "This meat smells bad," said Tom. 
Indirect Speech: Tom said that the meat smelled bad. 
Notice that the spoken words are in quotation marks: 
"This meat smells bad." 
The verb "smells" is in the present tense. 
It changes to "smelled" -- the past tense. 
The chart below shows the sequence of tenses and how verbs change when using indirect speech: 
The Sequence of Tenses

Original Tense Changed to....    
Present Past
Present Continuous Past Continuous 
                    Past Past Perfect   
Present Perfect Past Perfect 
          will would 
        can could 
        may might

 Practice. Write your answers on a piece of paper. Then look below for the correct verb choices. 
•	"I will be ready by 10:00" She said that she ______ be ready by 10:00.
•	"The mail isn't here yet."  He said that the mail ________here yet. 
•	"They have lived here 10 years."   Bill said they _________here 10 years. 
•	"Joe knows a lot of people." He said that Joe ________ a lot of people.
•	"Can you play the guitar?" She asked me if I _________play the guitar. 
Odpowiedzi: 1. would; 2. wasn't; 3. had lived; 4. knew; 5. could 

ĆWICZENIA: 
Part A. 
Directions: Indicate how tenses or verbs change from one tense to another in... 
the Sequence of Tenses
present tense ________________ 
present continuous ___________ 
past tense __________________ 
present perfect ______________ 
will ________________ 
can ________________ 

Part B. 
Directions: Change each sentence from direct speech to indirect speech. Write your answers below each quoted statement. Think carefully about how verbs and pronouns change from one form to another. 

1. "I"m sick," he said. 
     He said that                                              .
2. "I need to buy a new car," she said. 
     ________________________________________________________________.
3. "They don't want to see a movie," Martha said. 
     ________________________________________________________________. 
4. "My car isn't working," John said. 
     ________________________________________________________________. 
5. "It'll need to be fixed," the mechanic told John. 
     ________________________________________________________________.
6. "It was difficult to move to a new country, but now we're doing okay," Ali said. 
     ________________________________________________________________.
7. "Sara will call us tomorrow," Tom said. 
     ________________________________________________________________.
8. "I can work this weekend," George said. 
     ________________________________________________________________.
9. "My company has lost a lot of business this year, Maria said. 
     ________________________________________________________________.
10. "This is going to be very hard," Henry said. 
     ________________________________________________________________.

Odpowiedzi do Part B. 
1. "I"m sick," he said. 
     He said that he was sick .
2. "I need to buy a new car," she said. 
     She said that she needed to buy a new car.
3. "They don't want to see a movie," Martha said. 
     Martha said that they didn't want to see a movie. 
4. "My car isn't working," John said. 
     John said that his car wasn't working. 
5. "It'll need to be fixed," the mechanic told John. 
     The mechanic told John that it would need to be fixed. 
6. "It was difficult to move to a new country, but now we're doing okay," Ali said. 
   Ali said that it had been difficult to move to a new country, but at that time they were doing okay. 
7. "Sara will call us tomorrow," Tom said. 
    Tom said that Sara would call us the next day. 
8. "I can work this weekend," George said. 
     George said that he could work that weekend. 
9. "My company has lost a lot of business this year, Maria said. 
     Maria said that her company had lost a lot of business that year. 
10. "This is going to be very hard," Henry said. 
     Henry said that this was going to be very hard.